Input

Output

Operating system

Hardware

Organize fragmented files

Delete unnecessary and temporary files

Format the hard drive

Optimize system performance

D78

D71

32F

1AF

BMP

DOC

STK

PPT

1 → 4 → 3 → 2

4 → 3 → 2 → 1

3 → 2 → 4 → 1

4 → 1 → 2 → 3

Array

Stack

Linked List

Tree

To change file permissions

To reduce the file size for easier storage and sharing

To encrypt files for security

To convert files into a different format

Memory wasted inside allocated memory blocks

Memory wasted between allocated memory blocks

Insufficient memory to load a program

Memory corruption during process execution

Dot

@

#

$

Hidden

Security

Read-only

Sharing

COPY

DISKCOPY

CHKDSK

TYPE

Android

MAC

Samsung

LINUX

Backslash (\)

Asterisk (*)

underscore(_)

Question Mark (?)

Start menu

File explorer

Control panel

Default programs

1-F, 2-D, 3-C, 4-E

1-B, 2-E, 3-D, 4-F

1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D

1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A

Directly interact with hardware

Maintain and optimize the performance of a computer

Execute programs in RAM

Control file system operations

.odt

.ods

.odp

.rtf

Providing predictable and fast response times

Efficient multitasking

To provide a graphical user interface for applications

High graphical performance

CPU

ALU

Kernel

Processor

Process

Thread

Program

Task

end

close

exit

none

Synchronous Software

Package

Middleware

OSS

Lollipop

Marshmallow

Nougat

Oreo

/bin

/root

/dev

etc/

F1

F2

F3

F4

CREATE

CD

DIR

MD or MKDIR

Compiler

Loader

Assembler

Operating system

I/O

Process management

Compilation

File management

1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D

1-D, 2-E, 3-B, 4-C

1-C, 2-F, 3-B, 4-A

1-F, 2-D, 3-C, 4-E

1 → A, 2 → B, 3 → D, 4 → C

1 → B, 2 → A, 3 → C, 4 → D

1 → C, 2 → A, 3 → D, 4 → B

1 → E, 2 → F, 3 → A, 4 → B

Adobe Photoshop

MS Paint

MS Word

MS Powerpoint

F1 Key

F3 Key

F2 key

F4 key

Window icon + right arrow

Window icon + up arrow

Window icon + left arrow

Window icon + down arrow

Compiler

Program

Interpreter

Programming Language

Application layer

Kernel

Middleware

Shell

Command Prompt

Task Manager

Settings

Disk Manager

task build

task struct

task construct

task domain

!

@

$

#

Seek time + latency time

Seek time

Seek time - latency time

Latency time

end

close

exit

none

USA

UK

INDIA

China

Chmod

curl

df

all

Windows

MS Office

Linux

Photoshop

Memory

Hardware

Peripheral

Screen

8-bit microcomputers

16-bit microcomputers

32-bit microcomputers

64-bit microcomputers

.gif

.bmp

.cdc

.tiff

Microprocessor architecture / CPU architecture

Web Browser

Search Engine

Operating System

UNIX

LISP

BASIC

JAVA

Restarting system

Loading OS into memory

Installing software

Formatting disk

\bin

\etc

\dev

\root